Debates about racism in public institutions
The authorities investigating the NSU murders failed or refused to recognize the racist motivation behind the crimes, despite numerous indications. Instead they focused their suspicions on persons connected to the victims. The series of right-wing terrorist murders, which claimed the lives of ten people, remained unsolved for years. The victims’ family and friends, civic initiatives, and academics have long pointed to structural racism in state institutions such as the police, city administration, and hospitals. They criticize racial profiling, police measures in which Black people and people of color are stopped and questioned solely on the basis of their skin color and without concrete grounds for suspicion. Random checks are carried out in parts of the city such as southern St Pauli, which the police classify as ‘dangerous places’ due to increased drug-related crime. Residents’ initiatives criticize these as racist harassment, leading to a climate of fear for Black people, who must deal with constant anxiety.
Following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020, thousands protested in Hamburg against structural racism and deadly state practices.

Anti-racist activist groups also consider the deaths of refugees in police or judicial custody to be the result of structural racism. Since 1995, in Hamburg alone, at least five people have taken their own lives while in detention awaiting deportation. Victims’ families and anti-racist initiatives also count other deaths in Hamburg as results of structural racism: Michael Paul Nwabuisi (known as Achidi John) from Nigeria, who died in 2001 after being forcibly administered an emetic at Eppendorf University Hospital; Yaya Jabbi from Gambia, who died in 2016 in Hahnöfersand detention center; and William Tonou-Mbobda from Cameroon, who died in 2019 after being forcibly restrained at Eppendorf University Hospital.
Special laws and special rules for refugees are also criticized, including restrictions on freedom of movement, work restrictions, and the ‘payment card’ introduced in Hamburg in 2024, which severely restricts cash purchases and cannot be used, for example, to pay lawyers’ fees. The conditions in refugee accommodation centers are also associated with institutional racism.









